Predictors of excess fluid volume in hemodialysis patients: an observational study.

OBJECTIVES: to assess risk factors for excess fluid volume in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: a retrospective case-control study was conducted. A total of 392 patients (196 cases and 196 controls) from two hemodialysis centers were included. Sociodemographic data and 23 risk factors for excess fluid volume were assessed using a data collection form. Data were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: the insufficient knowledge (OR=2.06), excessive fluid intake (OR=2.33), inadequate fluid removal during hemodialysis (OR=2.62) and excessive sodium intake (OR=1.91) risk factors may increase the chance of occurrence of excess fluid volume in hemodialysis patients by approximately two times. Education level (OR=0.95) and age (OR=0.97) are protective factors for excessive fluid volume. CONCLUSIONS: knowing these risk factors may help nurses with accurate and rapid diagnostic inference of the risk of excessive fluid volume.

Diagnostic accuracy study of the clinical indicators of vascular trauma in patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy in peripheral veins.

Antineoplastic chemotherapy patients are susceptible to vascular trauma. The identification of this problem is possible through accurate clinical indicators. However, there are few diagnostic accuracy studies of vascular trauma in these patients. Thus, the objective was to analyze the accuracy of clinical indicators of vascular trauma in antineoplastic chemotherapy patients. A diagnostic accuracy study was carried out with a sample of 200 patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy, in an oncology reference clinic, during 2018. A data collection form was created with sociodemographic and clinical data and indicators of vascular trauma. The sensitivity and specificity of the clinical indicators were assessed using a latent class analysis of random effects. The clinical indicators of decreased vascular elasticity (0.8384), pain (0.9573), and signs of infection at the catheter insertion site (0.9999) were specific for identifying vascular trauma in antineoplastic chemotherapy patients. The prevalence of vascular trauma in these patients was 11.17%. A set of three clinical indicators was considered accurate and statistically significant for confirming vascular trauma. This study has provided accurate clinical indicators of vascular trauma in antineoplastic chemotherapy patients. These results can contribute to establishing interventions, thereby reducing costs and maximizing health outcomes in this population.

Estilo de vida sedentário em pacientes hospitalizados com afecções cardiovasculares / Sedentary lifestyle in hospitalized patients with cardiovascular diseases

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e a relação entre o diagnóstico de enfermagem estilo de vida sedentário, seus componentes diagnósticos e as características sociodemográficas e clínicas em pacientes hospitalizados com afecções cardiovasculares. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes hospitalizados com afeccções cardiovasculares. A coleta de dados se deu por um instrumento contendo dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e componentes do diagnóstico, os quais foram analisados por testes estatísticos. Resultados: Inferiu-se prevalência do diagnóstico em 84,1% da amostra, com as características definidoras: falta de condicionamento físico (93,2%), média de atividade física diária inferior à recomendada para idade e sexo (86,4%) e preferência por atividade com pouca atividade física (59,1%) e fatores relacionados: treinamento insuficiente para fazer exercício físico (45,5%) e interesse insuficiente para a atividade física (43,2%). Conclusão: O sedentarismo é prevalente em pacientes com afecções cardiovasculares e pode ser desencadeado pelo baixo interesse na realização de atividade física(AU)

Objective: to analyze the prevalence and relationship between the nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle, its diagnostic components and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in hospitalized patients with cardiovascular conditions. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out with patients hospitalized with cardiovascular conditions. Data were collected using an instrument containing sociodemographic and clinical data and diagnostic components, which were analyzed using statistical tests. Results: Prevalence of the diagnosis was inferred in 84.1% of the sample, with the defining characteristics: lack of physical conditioning (93.2%), average daily physical activity lower than recommended for age and gender (86.4%) and preference for activity with little physical activity (59.1%) and related factors: insufficient training to do physical exercise (45.5%) and insufficient interest in physical activity (43.2%). Conclusion: Sedentary lifestyle is prevalent in patients with cardiovascular diseases and can be triggered by low interest in performing physical activity(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia y la relación entre el diagnóstico de enfermería sedentarismo, sus componentes diagnósticos y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes hospitalizados con condiciones cardiovasculares. Método: Estudio transversal, realizado con pacientes hospitalizados con condiciones cardiovasculares. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un instrumento que contenía datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y componentes diagnósticos, que fueron analizados mediante pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: Se infirió prevalencia del diagnóstico en el 84,1% de la muestra, con las características definidoras: falta de acondicionamiento físico (93,2%), actividad física diaria promedio inferior a la recomendada para edad y sexo (86,4%) y preferencia por actividad con poca actividad física (59,1%) y factores relacionados: insuficiente formación para hacer ejercicio físico (45,5%) e insuficiente interés por la actividad física (43,2%). Conclusión: El sedentarismo es prevalente en pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares y puede ser desencadenado por el bajo interés por realizar actividad física(AU)

Accuracy of the nursing diagnosis of ineffective airway clearance in intensive care unit patients.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the accuracy of the clinical indicators of ineffective airway clearance in adult intensive care unit patients. METHODS: diagnostic accuracy study, performed in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in northeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 104 patients hospitalized between June and October 2019. RESULTS: the prevalence of ineffective airway clearance was 36.54%. The indicators with high specificity included absence of cough (0.8326), orthopnea (0.6817), adventitious breath sounds (0.8175), and diminished breath sounds (0.8326). The clinical indicators with high sensitivity and specificity were alteration in respiratory rate (0.9999) and alteration in respiratory pattern (0.9999). CONCLUSIONS: six clinical indicators provided an accurate identification of ineffective airway clearance. The clinical indicators alteration in respiratory rate and alteration in respiratory pattern were the most accurate for critical adult patients. The findings of this study contribute to accurate diagnostic inferences and to prevention of respiratory complications in these patients.

Accuracy of the nursing diagnosis of ineffective airway clearance in intensive care unit patients / Acurácia do diagnóstico de enfermagem desobstrução ineficaz de vias aéreas em pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva / Precisión del diagnóstico de enfermería de limpieza ineficaz de las vías aéreas en pacientes de unidades de cuidados intensivos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the accuracy of the clinical indicators of ineffective airway clearance in adult intensive care unit patients. Methods: diagnostic accuracy study, performed in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in northeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 104 patients hospitalized between June and October 2019. Results: the prevalence of ineffective airway clearance was 36.54%. The indicators with high specificity included absence of cough (0.8326), orthopnea (0.6817), adventitious breath sounds (0.8175), and diminished breath sounds (0.8326). The clinical indicators with high sensitivity and specificity were alteration in respiratory rate (0.9999) and alteration in respiratory pattern (0.9999). Conclusions: six clinical indicators provided an accurate identification of ineffective airway clearance. The clinical indicators alteration in respiratory rate and alteration in respiratory pattern were the most accurate for critical adult patients. The findings of this study contribute to accurate diagnostic inferences and to prevention of respiratory complications in these patients.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a acurácia dos indicadores clínicos de desobstrução ineficaz de vias aéreas em pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva adulto. Métodos: estudo de acurácia diagnóstica em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário do nordeste do Brasil. Amostra de 104 pacientes internados entre junho e outubro de 2019. Resultados: a prevalência de desobstrução ineficaz de vias aéreas foi de 36,54%. Os indicadores com alta especificidade foram ausência de tosse (0,8326), ortopneia (0,6817), sons respiratórios adventícios (0,8175) e sons respiratórios diminuídos (0,8326). Os indicadores clínicos com alta sensibilidade e especificidade foram alteração na frequência respiratória (0,9999) e alteração no padrão respiratório (0,9999). Conclusões: seis indicadores clínicos forneceram identificação precisa da desobstrução ineficaz de vias aéreas. Os indicadores clínicos alteração na frequência respiratória e alteração no padrão respiratório foram os mais precisos para pacientes críticos. Os achados contribuem para inferências diagnósticas precisas e para prevenção de complicações respiratórias nesses pacientes.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la precisión de indicadores clínicos de limpieza ineficaz de las vías aéreas en pacientes de unidades de cuidados intensivos adulto. Métodos: estudio de precisión diagnóstica en unidad de cuidados intensivos de hospital universitario en noreste brasileño. Muestra de 104 pacientes hospitalizados entre junio y octubre de 2019. Resultados: prevalencia de limpieza ineficaz de las vías aéreas del 36,54%. Indicadores con alta especificidad; ausencia de tos (0,8326), ortopnea (0,6817), ruidos respiratorios adventicios (0,8175) y ruidos respiratorios disminuidos (0,8326). Indicadores clínicos con alta sensibilidad y especificidad; cambio en la frecuencia respiratoria (0,9999) y cambio en el patrón de respiración (0,9999). Conclusiones: seis indicadores clínicos proporcionaron identificación precisa de la limpieza ineficaz de las vías aéreas; cambio en la frecuencia respiratoria y cambio en el patrón de respiración fueron los más precisos para pacientes críticos. Nuestros hallazgos contribuyen a inferencias diagnósticas precisas y la prevención de complicaciones respiratorias en estos pacientes.

Jogo Enfermeiro Diagnosticador para ensino do raciocínio diagnóstico em enfermagem: estudo quase-experimental / Juego Enfermero Diagnosticador para la enseñanza del razonamiento diagnóstico en enfermería: estudio cuasi experimental / "Enfermeiro Diagnosticador" board game for teaching diagnostic reasoning in nursing: a quasi-experimental study

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade do jogo de tabuleiro Enfermeiro Diagnosticador para o ensino do raciocínio diagnóstico em estudantes de enfermagem. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental, desenvolvido em três etapas: construção do jogo de tabuleiro Enfermeiro Diagnosticador; análise de conteúdo dos casos clínicos por especialistas; e aplicação do jogo de tabuleiro Enfermeiro Diagnosticador. Participaram 19 especialistas na análise de conteúdo. O pré-teste e o pós-teste foram realizados com 11 discentes do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem, cursando a Disciplina de Bases da Semiologia. Resultados Os nove casos clínicos que compuseram o jogo foram organizados em pistas capazes de subsidiar a composição dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. Esses foram avaliados com boa adequação por 19 especialistas em raciocínio diagnóstico e/ou tecnologia educacional. Comparando o desempenho dos discentes antes e após o experimento, a inferência diagnóstica correta apresentou diferença estatística significativa na resolução do primeiro e segundo diagnósticos (p=0,008). Além disso, a escrita correta do diagnóstico foi ponto de destaque no pós-teste e todos os itens avaliados apresentaram melhora no momento pós-aplicação do jogo de tabuleiro. Conclusão Conclui-se que o jogo de tabuleiro Enfermeiro Diagnosticador é efetivo no apoio ao ensino do raciocínio diagnóstico em enfermagem. Desta forma, almeja-se avançar no estado da arte no que concerne a jogos educativos de baixo custo e fácil acesso para dar suporte ao raciocínio diagnóstico em enfermagem.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la efectividad del juego Enfermero Diagnosticador para la enseñanza del razonamiento diagnóstico en estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental desarrollado en tres etapas: elaboración del juego de mesa Enfermero Diagnosticador, análisis de contenido de los casos clínicos por especialistas y aplicación del juego de mesa Enfermero Diagnosticador. Participaron 19 especialistas en el análisis de contenido. El pretest y el postest se realizó con 11 estudiantes de la carrera de Enfermería que cursaban la materia Bases de la Semiología. Resultados Los nueve casos clínicos que formaban parte del juego fueron organizados en pistas que podían respaldar la composición de los diagnósticos de enfermería. Estos casos fueron evaluados con buena idoneidad por 19 especialistas en razonamiento diagnóstico o tecnología educativa. Al comparar el rendimiento de los estudiantes antes y después del experimento, la inferencia diagnóstica correcta presentó diferencia estadística significativa en la resolución del primer y segundo diagnóstico (p=0,008). Además, la escritura correcta del diagnóstico fue un punto destacado en el postest, y todos los ítems evaluados presentaron una mejora en el momento posterior a la aplicación del juego de mesa. Conclusión Se concluye que el juego de mesa Enfermero Diagnosticador es efectivo para respaldar la enseñanza del razonamiento diagnóstico en enfermería. De esta forma, se pretende avanzar en el estado del diseño en lo que respecta a juegos educativos de bajo costo y fácil acceso para respaldar el razonamiento diagnóstico en enfermería.

Abstract Objective To assess the "Enfermeiro Diagnosticador" board game effectiveness for teaching diagnostic reasoning among nursing students. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study, developed in three stages: "Enfermeiro Diagnosticador" (Diagnostician Nurse) game construction; content analysis of clinical cases by experts; and "Enfermeiro Diagnosticador" game application. Nineteen experts participated in content analysis. Pre- and post-tests were performed with 11 undergraduate nursing students, attending semiology, a baseline subject. Results The nine clinical cases that comprised the game were organized into clues capable of subsidizing the composition of nursing diagnoses. These were assessed with good suitability by 19 experts in diagnostic reasoning and/or educational technology. Comparing students' performance before and after the experiment, the correct diagnostic inference showed a statistically significant difference in the resolution of the first and second diagnoses (p=0.008). Moreover, the correct writing of diagnosis was a highlight in the post-test and all the items assessed showed improvement after the board game application. Conclusion It is concluded that "Enfermeiro Diagnosticador" is effective in supporting the teaching of diagnostic reasoning in nursing. In this way, we aim to advance in the state of the art with regard to low-cost and easily accessible educational games to support diagnostic reasoning in nursing.

Anticoagulants for people hospitalised with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The primary manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is respiratory insufficiency that can also be related to diffuse pulmonary microthrombosis and thromboembolic events, such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, or arterial thrombosis. People with COVID-19 who develop thromboembolism have a worse prognosis. Anticoagulants such as heparinoids (heparins or pentasaccharides), vitamin K antagonists and direct anticoagulants are used for the prevention and treatment of venous or arterial thromboembolism. Besides their anticoagulant properties, heparinoids have an additional anti-inflammatory potential. However, the benefit of anticoagulants for people with COVID-19 is still under debate. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of anticoagulants versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention in people hospitalised with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and IBECS databases, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and medRxiv preprint database from their inception to 14 April 2021. We also checked the reference lists of any relevant systematic reviews identified, and contacted specialists in the field for additional references to trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cluster-RCTs and cohort studies that compared prophylactic anticoagulants versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention for the management of people hospitalised with COVID-19. We excluded studies without a comparator group and with a retrospective design (all previously included studies) as we were able to include better study designs. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and necessity for additional respiratory support. Secondary outcomes were mortality related to COVID-19, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, adverse events, length of hospital stay and quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. We used Cochrane RoB 1 to assess the risk of bias for RCTs, ROBINS-I to assess risk of bias for non-randomised studies (NRS) and GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. We meta-analysed data when appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: We included seven studies (16,185 participants) with participants hospitalised with COVID-19, in either intensive care units, hospital wards or emergency departments. Studies were from Brazil (2), Iran (1), Italy (1), and the USA (1), and two involved more than country. The mean age of participants was 55 to 68 years and the follow-up period ranged from 15 to 90 days. The studies assessed the effects of heparinoids, direct anticoagulants or vitamin K antagonists, and reported sparse data or did not report some of our outcomes of interest: necessity for additional respiratory support, mortality related to COVID-19, and quality of life. Higher-dose versus lower-dose anticoagulants (4 RCTs, 4647 participants) Higher-dose anticoagulants result in little or no difference in all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 1.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.16, 4489 participants; 4 RCTs) and increase minor bleeding (RR 3.28, 95% CI 1.75 to 6.14, 1196 participants; 3 RCTs) compared to lower-dose anticoagulants up to 30 days (high-certainty evidence). Higher-dose anticoagulants probably reduce pulmonary embolism (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.70, 4360 participants; 4 RCTs), and slightly increase major bleeding (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.80, 4400 participants; 4 RCTs) compared to lower-dose anticoagulants up to 30 days (moderate-certainty evidence). Higher-dose anticoagulants may result in little or no difference in deep vein thrombosis (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.03, 3422 participants; 4 RCTs), stroke (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.03, 4349 participants; 3 RCTs), major adverse limb events (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.99, 1176 participants; 2 RCTs), myocardial infarction (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.55, 4349 participants; 3 RCTs), atrial fibrillation (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.70, 562 participants; 1 study), or thrombocytopenia (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.24, 2789 participants; 2 RCTs) compared to lower-dose anticoagulants up to 30 days (low-certainty evidence). It is unclear whether higher-dose anticoagulants have any effect on necessity for additional respiratory support, mortality related to COVID-19, and quality of life (very low-certainty evidence or no data). Anticoagulants versus no treatment (3 prospective NRS, 11,538 participants) Anticoagulants may reduce all-cause mortality but the evidence is very uncertain due to two study results being at critical and serious risk of bias (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.74, 8395 participants; 3 NRS; very low-certainty evidence). It is uncertain if anticoagulants have any effect on necessity for additional respiratory support, mortality related to COVID-19, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, stroke, myocardial infarction and quality of life (very low-certainty evidence or no data). Ongoing studies We found 62 ongoing studies in hospital settings (60 RCTs, 35,470 participants; 2 prospective NRS, 120 participants) in 20 different countries. Thirty-five ongoing studies plan to report mortality and 26 plan to report necessity for additional respiratory support. We expect 58 studies to be completed in December 2021, and four in July 2022. From 60 RCTs, 28 are comparing different doses of anticoagulants, 24 are comparing anticoagulants versus no anticoagulants, seven are comparing different types of anticoagulants, and one did not report detail of the comparator group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: When compared to a lower-dose regimen, higher-dose anticoagulants result in little to no difference in all-cause mortality and increase minor bleeding in people hospitalised with COVID-19 up to 30 days. Higher-dose anticoagulants possibly reduce pulmonary embolism, slightly increase major bleeding, may result in little to no difference in hospitalisation time, and may result in little to no difference in deep vein thrombosis, stroke, major adverse limb events, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, or thrombocytopenia.  Compared with no treatment, anticoagulants may reduce all-cause mortality but the evidence comes from non-randomised studies and is very uncertain. It is unclear whether anticoagulants have any effect on the remaining outcomes compared to no anticoagulants (very low-certainty evidence or no data). Although we are very confident that new RCTs will not change the effects of different doses of anticoagulants on mortality and minor bleeding, high-quality RCTs are still needed, mainly for the other primary outcome (necessity for additional respiratory support), the comparison with no anticoagulation, when comparing the types of anticoagulants and giving anticoagulants for a prolonged period of time.

Effect of educational intervention on clinical reasoning skills in nursing: A quasi-experimental study.

This study evaluated the effect of an educational intervention based on virtual clinical simulation and problem-based learning using a mobile application in a clinical nursing education context as a tool to improve clinical reasoning skills of students on the second year of nursing graduation. A prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted in the year 2018, and assessments were performed before and after the educational intervention. A random convenience sample (n = 32) of nursing students in the second year of a public university in Brazil was divided equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent educational intervention about clinical reasoning skills and measured the quality of the Diagnostician Nurse software by LORI 2.0 instrument. The control group experienced the conventional class on clinical reasoning skills. Four clinical cases were used to assess reasoning skills before and after the educational intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The experimental group showed a statistically significant difference regarding the prioritization of nursing diagnoses (p = 0.014) and a higher final score. There was a statistically significant difference in performance between the pre- and post-test in the grades of the students who participated in the intervention (p = 0.003). The control group also showed statistical significance in the score attributed to the clinical reasoning process (p = 0.015). In addition, the Diagnostician Nurse software had excellent usability and quality evaluations (SUS 87.81 and LORI 4.66, respectively). It is concluded that educational intervention based on virtual clinical simulation and learning problems using the Diagnostician Nurse software is effective as a tool to improve clinical reasoning skills and can support early detection of patients. The educational intervention developed was of high quality and attractive and improved students' motivation for the teaching-learning process.

Virtual clinical simulation in nursing education: a concept analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the concept of virtual clinical simulation in nursing education. METHODS: The Walker and Avant concept analysis model guided the study process and the data collection followed the integrative literature review method. Databases searched were: CINAHL, PubMed, Education Resources Information Center, and Scopus. Search terms and Boolean operators were: e-simulation OR virtual clinical simulation OR computer-simulation OR computer simulation OR virtual gaming OR virtual reality AND nursing education OR nursing. The sample comprised 45 studies. RESULTS: Virtual clinical simulation in nursing education was defined as the innovative teaching and learning technological strategy that provides immersive self-regulated training of nursing practice, reproducing real-life experiences and feedback in a virtual environment that is safe, interactive, dynamic and enjoyable. CONCLUSIONS: Clarification of this concept contributes to the development of a standardized terminology to include in the nursing nomenclature system and its dissemination for the construction of nursing science.

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Delayed Development in Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The early identification of developmental delay in adolescents by health professionals is relevant for a good prognosis. However, the clinical indicators of development delay are unclear in nursing science. PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical indicators of delayed development in school adolescents. METHODS: A diagnostic accuracy study that investigated delayed development among 385 adolescents in public schools between July and September of 2017. The accuracy measures were analyzed using a latent class analysis based on sensitivity and specificity values. FINDINGS: The delayed development is present in 18.26% of school adolescents. The best accuracy values were as follows: low self-esteem (0.9838), dissatisfaction with own image (0.8400), impaired daily activities (0.9815), internalization behavior (0.8304), outsourcing behavior (0.6367), eating disorders (1.0000), emotional insecurity (0.7093), dependent behavior (0.9836), and altered sexual maturation (0.6085). CONCLUSION: Thus, this set of nine clinical indicators can be used by nurse practitioners to confirm delayed development in school adolescents. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This research contributes by providing accurate clinical indicators of delayed development in adolescents. Thus, nurses should recognize delayed development in adolescents through accurate clinical indicators and propose nursing interventions that have positive health results.

Teaching cardiovascular physical examination in nursing: clinical simulation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in Nursing students, the effect of clinical simulation as an educational strategy for learning about the cardiovascular physical examination. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study, with the placement of 30 undergraduate nursing students, from a public university in Northeast Brazil, in two groups - intervention and control. The educational intervention consisted of a clinical simulation applied to the intervention group. The control group received only the usual class. Pre-test and post-test were applied with questions about cardiovascular physical examination for both groups. In the inferential analysis, we used chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables; and the Student's t-test for independent samples. RESULTS: The results showed that the difference in correct answers between the intervention and control groups was statistically significant, with a value of p of 0.05. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the applied educational strategy had a positive effect on undergraduate nursing students to learn the cardiovascular physical examination.

Prophylactic anticoagulants for people hospitalised with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary manifestation is respiratory insufficiency that can also be related to diffuse pulmonary microthrombosis in people with COVID-19. This disease also causes thromboembolic events, such as pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, catheter thrombosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Recent studies have indicated a worse prognosis for people with COVID-19 who developed thromboembolism. Anticoagulants are medications used in the prevention and treatment of venous or arterial thromboembolic events. Several drugs are used in the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic events, such as heparinoids (heparins or pentasaccharides), vitamin K antagonists and direct anticoagulants. Besides their anticoagulant properties, heparinoids have an additional anti-inflammatory potential, that may affect the clinical evolution of people with COVID-19. Some practical guidelines address the use of anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis in people with COVID-19, however, the benefit of anticoagulants for people with COVID-19 is still under debate. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of prophylactic anticoagulants versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention, on mortality and the need for respiratory support in people hospitalised with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and IBECS databases, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and medRxiv preprint database from their inception to 20 June 2020. We also checked reference lists of any relevant systematic reviews identified and contacted specialists in the field for additional references to trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cluster-RCTs and cohort studies that compared prophylactic anticoagulants (heparin, vitamin K antagonists, direct anticoagulants, and pentasaccharides) versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention for the management of people hospitalised with COVID-19. We excluded studies without a comparator group. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and need for additional respiratory support. Secondary outcomes were mortality related to COVID-19, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, adverse events, length of hospital stay and quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. We used ROBINS-I to assess risk of bias for non-randomised studies (NRS) and GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. We reported results narratively. MAIN RESULTS: We identified no RCTs or quasi-RCTs that met the inclusion criteria. We included seven retrospective NRS (5929 participants), three of which were available as preprints. Studies were conducted in China, Italy, Spain and the USA. All of the studies included people hospitalised with COVID-19, in either intensive care units, hospital wards or emergency departments. The mean age of participants (reported in 6 studies) ranged from 59 to 72 years. Only three included studies reported the follow-up period, which varied from 8 to 35 days. The studies did not report on most of our outcomes of interest: need for additional respiratory support, mortality related to COVID-19, DVT, pulmonary embolism, adverse events, and quality of life. Anticoagulants (all types) versus no treatment (6 retrospective NRS, 5685 participants) One study reported a reduction in all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 0.66; 2075 participants). One study reported a reduction in mortality only in a subgroup of 395 people who required mechanical ventilation (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.89). Three studies reported no differences in mortality (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 0.92 to 2.92; 449 participants; unadjusted OR 1.66, 95% CI 0.76 to 3.64; 154 participants and adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1.15, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.57; 192 participants). One study reported zero events in both intervention groups (42 participants). The overall risk of bias for all-cause mortality was critical and the certainty of the evidence was very low. One NRS reported bleeding events in 3% of the intervention group and 1.9% of the control group (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.71; 2773 participants; low-certainty evidence). Therapeutic-dose anticoagulants versus prophylactic-dose anticoagulants (1 retrospective NRS, 244 participants) The study reported a reduction in all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.46) and a lower absolute rate of death in the therapeutic group (34.2% versus 53%). The overall risk of bias for all-cause mortality was serious and the certainty of the evidence was low. The study also reported bleeding events in 31.7% of the intervention group and 20.5% of the control group (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.96 to 3.37; low-certainty evidence). Ongoing studies We found 22 ongoing studies in hospital settings (20 RCTs, 14,730 participants; 2 NRS, 997 participants) in 10 different countries (Australia (1), Brazil (1), Canada (2), China (3), France (2), Germany (1), Italy (4), Switzerland (1), UK (1) and USA (6)). Twelve ongoing studies plan to report mortality and six plan to report additional respiratory support. Thirteen studies are expected to be completed in December 2020 (6959 participants), eight in July 2021 (8512 participants), and one in December 2021 (256 participants). Four of the studies plan to include 1000 participants or more. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is currently insufficient evidence to determine the risks and benefits of prophylactic anticoagulants for people hospitalised with COVID-19. Since there are 22 ongoing studies that plan to evaluate more than 15,000 participants in this setting, we will add more robust evidence to this review in future updates.

Teaching cardiovascular physical examination in nursing: clinical simulation / Enseñanza del examen físico cardiovascular en enfermería: simulación clínica / Ensino do exame físico cardiovascular em enfermagem: simulação clínica

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate, in Nursing students, the effect of clinical simulation as an educational strategy for learning about the cardiovascular physical examination. Methods: Quasi-experimental study, with the placement of 30 undergraduate nursing students, from a public university in Northeast Brazil, in two groups - intervention and control. The educational intervention consisted of a clinical simulation applied to the intervention group. The control group received only the usual class. Pre-test and post-test were applied with questions about cardiovascular physical examination for both groups. In the inferential analysis, we used chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables; and the Student's t-test for independent samples. Results: The results showed that the difference in correct answers between the intervention and control groups was statistically significant, with a value of p of 0.05. Conclusion: We concluded that the applied educational strategy had a positive effect on undergraduate nursing students to learn the cardiovascular physical examination.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar, en estudiantes de Enfermería, el efecto de la simulación clínica como estrategia educativa para el aprendizaje sobre examen físico cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudio casi experimental, con asignación de 30 graduandos en Enfermería, de una universidad pública del Nordeste de Brasil, en dos grupos — intervención y control. La intervención educativa constó de simulación clínica aplicada al grupo-intervención. El grupo-control recibió solo clase usual. Han sido aplicados pretest y postest con preguntas sobre examen físico cardiovascular para los dos grupos. En el análisis inferencial, se ha utilizado los testes de chi cuadrado o exacto de Fisher, para las variables categóricas; y el test t de Student, para muestras independientes. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia de aciertos entre los grupos de intervención y control ha sido estadísticamente significativa, con valor de p de 0,05. Conclusión: Se ha concluido que la estrategia educativa aplicada tubo efecto positivo en estudiantes de grado en Enfermería para el aprendizaje del examen físico cardiovascular.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar, em estudantes de Enfermagem, o efeito da simulação clínica como estratégia educativa para a aprendizagem sobre exame físico cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental, com alocação de 30 graduandos em Enfermagem, de uma universidade pública do Nordeste do Brasil, em dois grupos — intervenção e controle. A intervenção educativa constou de simulação clínica aplicada ao grupo-intervenção. O grupo-controle recebeu apenas aula usual. Foram aplicados pré-teste e pós-teste com perguntas sobre exame físico cardiovascular para os dois grupos. Na análise inferencial, utilizaram-se os testes de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, para as variáveis categóricas; e o teste t de Student, para amostras independentes. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a diferença de acertos entre os grupos de intervenção e controle foi estatisticamente significativa, com valor de p de 0,05. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a estratégia educativa aplicada teve efeito positivo em estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem para a aprendizagem do exame físico cardiovascular.

Delay in Growth in Adolescents: Clinical Validation of a Proposed Nursing Diagnosis.

PURPOSE: This study aims to analyse the accuracy of clinical indicators of the proposed diagnosis of delayed growth in school-aged adolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a diagnostic accuracy study of 385 adolescents in public schools from July to September 2017 that aimed to assess the accuracy of clinical indicators of the proposed nursing diagnosis of delayed growth; the sensitivity and specificity values were calculated using latent class analysis. RESULTS: Growth velocity less than expected was associated with sensitivity and specificity. The clinical indicator short stature for age and sex showed sensitivity. Low weight for age and sex, stature below genetic target and delayed sexual maturation were specific indicators. CONCLUSION: In a sample of adolescents in public schools in northeastern Brazil, a set of five clinical indicators best indicated delayed growth in adolescents. Two clinical indicators showed sensitivity, and four clinical indicators showed specificity. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study contributes to refining the diagnostic proposition of delayed growth in adolescents. Accurate measures for nursing diagnoses can help paediatric nurse practitioners confirm or exclude this diagnosis in adolescents with a similar profile.

Ineffective Health Management in Hemodialysis Patients: Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

This study analyzed the accuracy of clinical indicators of ineffective health management in hemodialysis patients. A diagnostic accuracy study was performed in 200 chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis during the first half of 2015. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were calculated using latent class analysis. Ineffective health management was present in 66.28% of patients. Accurate clinical indicators included expressed nonadherence to treatment, daily life choices ineffective to achieve health goals, expression of difficulty with prescribed regimens, inappropriate use of medicines, lack of expression of willingness to control the disease, irregular attendance of dialysis sessions, and infection. Hemodialysis may trigger a set of clinical indicators that predict the presence of ineffective health management. This knowledge provides evidence to clinical practices for hemodialysis patients and contributes to the best clinical performance of nurse practitioners.

Ineffective health management in hemodialysis patients: content analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the content of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Health Management in hemodialysis patients. METHOD: The Nursing Diagnoses Validation Model by Lopes, Silva and Auraújo was used in this research. A semi-structured questionnaire and evaluated the definition, location, defining characteristics, and related factors of the diagnosis Ineffective Health Management was answered by 22 experts in nursing diagnosis. The analysis was conducted from August 2014 to January 2015. RESULTS: Experts considered the proposed definition and the current location in the taxonomy II by the NANDA-I, Domain 1 Health Promotion, Class 2 Health Control, adequate to the diagnosis. The adequacy level adopted at 85% or p > 0.05 were above 10 defining characteristics and 24 related factors. Experts also suggested that one defining characteristic should become a related factor and that three factors should turn into defining characteristics. CONCLUSION: A new proposal was developed for the diagnosis under study after the analysis of experts.

Ineffective health management in hemodialysis patients: content analysis / Autocontrole inefi caz da saúde em pacientes em hemodiálise: análise de conteúdo / Mantenimiento ineficaz de la salud en pacientes en hemodiálisis: análisis de contenido

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the content of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Health Management in hemodialysis patients. Method: The Nursing Diagnoses Validation Model by Lopes, Silva and Auraújo was used in this research. A semi-structured questionnaire and evaluated the definition, location, defining characteristics, and related factors of the diagnosis Ineffective Health Management was answered by 22 experts in nursing diagnosis. The analysis was conducted from August 2014 to January 2015. Results: Experts considered the proposed definition and the current location in the taxonomy II by the NANDA-I, Domain 1 Health Promotion, Class 2 Health Control, adequate to the diagnosis. The adequacy level adopted at 85% or p > 0.05 were above 10 defining characteristics and 24 related factors. Experts also suggested that one defining characteristic should become a related factor and that three factors should turn into defining characteristics. Conclusion: A new proposal was developed for the diagnosis under study after the analysis of experts.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o conteúdo do diagnóstico de enfermagem Autocontrole ineficaz da saúde em pacientes em hemodiálise. Método: O Modelo de Validação de Diagnóstico de Enfermagem por Lopes, Silva e Araújo foi usado nesta pesquisa. Um questionário semiestruturado foi respondido por 22 especialistas em diagnóstico de enfermagem e, avaliou a definição, localização, características definidoras e fatores relacionados do diagnóstico Autocontrole ineficaz da Saúde. A análise foi realizada de agosto de 2014 a janeiro de 2015. Resultados: Os especialistas consideraram como adequada ao diagnóstico, a definição proposta e a localização atual na taxonomia II da NANDA-I, promoção de saúde do domínio 1, controle de saúde na classe 2. O nível de adequação adotado foi superior a 85% ou p> 0,05 para 10 características definidoras e 24 fatores relacionados. Especialistas também sugeriram que uma característica definidora deveria se tornar um fator relacionado e que três fatores devem se transformar em características definidoras. Conclusão: Uma nova proposta foi desenvolvida para o diagnóstico em estudo após a análise de especialistas.

RESUMEN Objectivo: Analizar el contenido del diagnóstico de enfermería Mantenimiento Ineficaz de la Salud en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Método: El modelo de validación de diagnóstico de enfermería de Lopes, Silva y Auraújo fue utilizado en esta investigación. Un cuestionario semiestructurado que evaluó la definición, ubicación, características definitorias y factores relacionados con el diagnóstico Mantenimiento Ineficaz de la Salud fue respondido por 22 expertos en diagnóstico de enfermería. El análisis se realizó entre agosto de 2014 y enero de 2015. Resultados: Los expertos consideraron la definición propuesta y la ubicación actual en la taxonomía II de NANDA-I, Dominio 1 Promoción de Salud, Clase 2 Control de Salud, como adecuada para el diagnóstico. El nivel de adecuación adoptado fue 85% o p> 0.05 estaba por encima de diez características definitorias y 24 factores relacionados. Los expertos también sugirieron que una característica definitoria debería convertirse en un factor relacionado y que tres factores deberían convertirse en características definitorias. Conclusión: Se desarrolló una nueva propuesta para el diagnóstico en estudio después del análisis de expertos.

Pruritus in hemodialysis patients: association with phosphorus intake and serum calcium level. / Prurido no paciente em hemodiálise: associação com ingestão de fósforo e nível sérico de cálcio.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the occurrence of pruritus and adherence to the prescribed diet, biochemical indicators of renal function and the quality of hemodialysis in chronic renal patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional study performed at a dialysis clinic in the Northeast of Brazil, with 200 patients undergoing hemodialysis in the first half of 2015.To analyze the data, inferential statistics were used, using Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests; and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: The pruritus was present in 51% of the sample, being associated statistically with phosphorus consumption (P = 0.024) and elevation of serum calcium (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Pruritus in chronic renal patients undergoing hemodialysis is influenced by adequate nonadherence to the prescribed diet, in addition to the elevation of biochemical indicators of renal function.

Ineffective Protection in Hemodialysis Patients: Sociodemographic and Clinical Context.

PURPOSE: To analyze the association between components of the nursing diagnosis ineffective protection (00043) and sociodemographic and clinical data of hemodialysis patients. METHOD: Cross-sectional study was conducted during the first half of 2015 with a sample of 200 patients from a reference clinic of nephrology. A structured instrument containing operational definitions was used to collect data. FINDINGS: Hemodialysis patients presented defining characteristics of ineffective protection (00043) associated with sociodemographic and clinical context variables. CONCLUSION: Components of this diagnosis may be influenced by sociodemographic and clinical context of hemodialysis patients.

Prurido no paciente em hemodiálise: associação com ingestão de fósforo e nível sérico de cálcio / Prurido en el paciente en hemodiálisis: asociación con ingestión de fósforo y nivel sérico de cálcio / Pruritus in hemodialysis patients: association with phosphorus intake and serum calcium level

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre a ocorrência do prurido e a adesão à dieta prescrita, indicadores bioquímicos da função renal e a qualidade da hemodiálise, em pacientes renais crônicos. MÉTODO Estudo transversal, realizado em uma clínica de diálise no Nordeste do Brasil, com 200 pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise, no primeiro semestre de 2015. Para análise dos dados fez-se uso da estatística inferencial, através dos testes de Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher; e teste de U de Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS O prurido esteve presente em 51% da amostra, associando-se estatisticamente com o consumo de fósforo (P=0,024) e a elevação do cálcio sérico (P=0,009). CONCLUSÃO O prurido em pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à hemodiálise sofre influência da não adesão adequada à dieta prescrita, além da elevação de indicadores bioquímicos da função renal.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar la asociación entre la ocurrencia del prurito y la adhesión a la dieta prescrita, indicadores bioquímicos de la función renal y la calidad de la hemodiálisis, en pacientes renales crónicos. MÉTODO Estudio transversal, realizado en una clínica de diálisis en el Nordeste de Brasil, con 200 pacientes sometidos a la hemodiálisis, en el primer semestre de 2015. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística inferencial, a través de las pruebas de Qui-Cuadrado y Exacto de Fisher; y prueba de U de Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS El prurito estuvo presente en el 51% de la muestra, asociándose estadísticamente con el consumo de fósforo (P = 0,024) y la elevación del calcio sérico (P = 0,009). CONCLUSIÓN El prurito en pacientes renales crónicos sometidos a la hemodiálisis sufre influencia de la no adhesión adecuada a la dieta prescrita, además de la elevación de indicadores bioquímicos de la función renal.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between the occurrence of pruritus and adherence to the prescribed diet, biochemical indicators of renal function and the quality of hemodialysis in chronic renal patients. METHOD A cross-sectional study performed at a dialysis clinic in the Northeast of Brazil, with 200 patients undergoing hemodialysis in the first half of 2015.To analyze the data, inferential statistics were used, using Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests; and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS The pruritus was present in 51% of the sample, being associated statistically with phosphorus consumption (P = 0.024) and elevation of serum calcium (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Pruritus in chronic renal patients undergoing hemodialysis is influenced by adequate nonadherence to the prescribed diet, in addition to the elevation of biochemical indicators of renal function.